Öræfajökull

Iceland's Highest Peak & Hidden Volcano

2,110m Highest Point
1727 Last Eruption
300 Deaths (1362)

About Öræfajökull

Öræfajökull is a stratovolcano forming the highest peak in Iceland (Hvannadalshnjúkur, 2,110 m). It is covered by a ~600 km² ice cap. Iceland's tallest mountain is actually an active volcano hidden beneath the southern edge of Vatnajökull glacier. Despite its serene appearance, it's responsible for some of Iceland's deadliest eruptions.

🏔️ Physical Features

  • Highest point: Hvannadalshnjúkur (2,110 m)
  • Iceland's highest peak
  • Ice cap coverage: ~600 km²
  • Stratovolcano structure
  • Completely covered by glacier ice
  • Part of Vatnajökull National Park

⚡ Volcanic Type

  • Central volcano with caldera
  • Explosive Plinian eruptions under ice
  • Produces massive glacial floods
  • Thick ice cap triggers explosive activity
  • Only 2 known historical eruptions

📍 Location

  • Southeast Iceland
  • Edge of Vatnajökull glacier
  • Visible from Jökulsárlón
  • Near Skaftafell National Park

Deadly Eruption History

💀 Historical Impact

Öræfajökull has produced Iceland's most deadly eruptions. The 1362 eruption was so catastrophic it destroyed an entire district, earning the name "Öræfi" (wasteland) that persists today.

1362 - Iceland's Deadliest Eruption

  • Catastrophic Plinian eruption
  • Ejected huge volumes of tephra
  • Caused devastating jökulhlaups
  • More than 300 people perished
  • Settlements were completely destroyed
  • Massive glacial floods to the sea
  • Ash fall across Europe
  • Destroyed entire Litla-Hérað district
  • Created the "wasteland" (Öræfi) that gave the area its name

1727 - Second Major Eruption

  • A smaller eruption compared to 1362
  • Produced floods that killed three people
  • Extensive property damage
  • Demonstrated volcano remains active

🔍 Modern Monitoring

Because the volcano is capped by thick ice, eruptions can trigger large floods. Modern monitoring shows no signs of imminent activity. However, the long repose since 1727 (nearly 300 years) means scientists continue to monitor for any changes.

Climbing Iceland's Highest Peak

Hvannadalshnjúkur summit offers the ultimate Iceland mountaineering challenge with 360° views of the entire country on clear days.

🥾 Summit Climb

  • Technical glacier climb
  • 8-12 hours round trip
  • Professional guide required
  • Crampons and ropes essential

🌤️ Best Conditions

  • June-August climbing season
  • Clear weather windows rare
  • Start very early (3-4 AM)
  • Weather changes rapidly

⚠️ Challenges

  • Crevasse danger
  • Extreme weather exposure
  • Navigation in whiteout conditions
  • Emergency rescue difficulty

Current Monitoring & Status

📡 Surveillance

  • Continuous seismic monitoring
  • GPS ground deformation tracking
  • Gas emission measurements
  • Glacial flood detection systems

🔍 Recent Activity

  • Increased seismic activity 2017-2018
  • Minor ground deformation detected
  • Alert level raised temporarily
  • Currently back to normal levels

🚨 Preparedness

  • Evacuation plans for coastal areas
  • Early warning systems
  • Regular emergency drills
  • International cooperation for ash monitoring